Estas líneas están escritas como homenaje a Ricardo Sánchez Ortiz de Urbina, con todo el cariño y con la esperanza de ser acogido con la benevolencia que demanda el ensayo. En todo caso, nunca podré dejar de agradecer a nuestro maestro que me permitiera salir sin brusquedad del encierro al que me había conducido el sujeto gnoseológico, el sujeto de la ciencia, siempre omnipresente en toda investigación. Siguiendo la estela de la matriz fenomenológica configurada por Urbina, entreví en el (...) nivel superior ―el nivel de máxima ambigüedad―, y mediante trasposiciones sucesivas, el origen humano de los celos, que desbordan el simple comportamiento o el mero afecto. Los celos como fondo siempre desbordante en el proceso que nunca concluye de fijación de la identidad humana. Un camino que habían recorrido, con los medios de que disponían, los escritores del Barroco español en el contexto de los conversos hispanos y Miguel de Cervantes como centro. (shrink)

Abstract Today’s scholarship and policymaking on business and human rights (BHR) urges businesses to better understand their human rights responsibilities and remedy them, when and if abuses do occur. Despite the public discourse about businesses and human rights, the state—as the main duty bearer in international human rights law—plays a fundamental role as the protector and enforcer of human rights obligations. Yet, the existing literature overlooks state involvement as perpetrators of abuse in the corporate context. We develop the term _economic (...) complicity_ to shed light on the state’s role in directly or indirectly abusing human rights within a corporation’s sphere of influence, such as police violence toward nonviolent protesters or granting environmental licenses without adhering to legally required community consultations. We ask: What contributes to the state’s engagement in economic complicity in corporate human rights abuses? We assess hypotheses emergent from the democratic change and development studies literatures with a unique database that includes economic complicity data from Latin America, the Corporations and Human Rights Database (CHRD). This research has important theoretical implications for the business ethics and BHR literatures, as understanding economic complicity highlights the need for business actors to avoid shirking their moral responsibilities to not only ‘do no harm’ but also to protect human rights when they are threatened by the state. (shrink)

The basis of stoic determinism (a) : everything has a cause -- The basis of stoic determinism (b) : causation is necessitating -- The threat of external determination -- Reflection and responsibility -- The three compatibilist theories of Chrysippus -- Epictetus on responsibility for unreflective action.

This is a collective study, in nine new essays, of the close connection between theology and cosmology in Stoic philosophy.

In this paper, I explore the Presocratic antecedents of the Stoic theory of conflagration and argue that, even though three central theses of this theory have solid antecedents in Presocratic physics, the logical connection between them is a Stoic innovation. I label the Presocratics who hold these theses ‘Anaximandreans’ and include in this group Anaximander himself, Heraclitus and Diogenes of Apollonia, and reveal that Anaximenes, Democritus and Antiphon share with them central meteorological and cosmological assumptions.

It is agreed by most scholars that the Stoics were compatibilists regarding the relation between responsibility and determinism. On this view, the Stoics depart from two other positions. Unlike some eliminative determinists — labelled in modern discussions “hard-determinists”, but already active in Antiquity — they assert that, despite determinism, there are things that “depend on us”, or are : things for which we are genuinely responsible and for which, therefore, we may justifiably be praised or blamed. But the Stoics also (...) depart from the libertarian or “anti-determinist” 2 a position championed by the Epicureans in the early Hellenistic period and by Alexander of Aphrodisias on behalf of the Peripatetics, towards the end of the second century AD. Unlike the libertarian, who agrees on the incompatibility alleged by the hard-determinist, but preserves responsibility by rejectin necessitation, the Stoics preserve both responsibility and necessitation. (shrink)

The semantic paradoxes are a family of arguments – including the liar paradox, Curry’s paradox, Grelling’s paradox of heterologicality, Richard’s and Berry’s paradoxes of definability, and others – which have two things in common: first, they make an essential use of such semantic concepts as those of truth, satisfaction, reference, definition, etc.; second, they seem to be very good arguments until we see that their conclusions are contradictory or absurd. These arguments raise serious doubts concerning the coherence of the concepts (...) involved. This article will offer an introduction to some of the main theories that have been proposed to solve the paradoxes and avert those doubts. Included is also a brief history of the semantic paradoxes from Eubulides to Tarski and Curry. (shrink)

In this paper we consider the modal logic with both \ and \ arising from Kripke models with a crisp accessibility and whose propositions are valued over the standard Gödel algebra \. We provide an axiomatic system extending the one from Caicedo and Rodriguez :37–55, 2015) for models with a valued accessibility with Dunn axiom from positive modal logics, and show it is strongly complete with respect to the intended semantics. The axiomatizations of the most usual frame restrictions are given (...) too. We also prove that in the studied logic it is not possible to get \ as an abbreviation of \, nor vice-versa, showing that indeed the axiomatic system we present does not coincide with any of the mono-modal fragments previously axiomatized in the literature. (shrink)

This article examines scientific transnationalism as an art of engagement with, and avoidance of, the threats and promises of what was foreign to the nation. Portuguese racial anthropologists experienced a tension between remaining imperial-nationalistic in character, and internationalist in their activities simultaneously. They struggled to exclude foreigners from colonial field sites; they aimed at nativist authority based on total control of colonial data. Yet, they eagerly sought connections with foreign experts to capitalize provincial scientific authority within Portugal’s colonies. The essay (...) conceptualizes this mode of transnationalism as also a kind of isolationism, an inward oriented form of engaging with foreign sciences and scientists as ambivalently powerful and threatening strangers. (shrink)

Este trabajo intenta resolver una tensión que existe en el modo en que Aristóteles concibe el apeiron de Anaximandro, la substancia a partir de la cual se genera el cosmos. En algunas partes del corpus, Aristóteles la presenta como un cuerpo básico que genera el cosmos por medio de un cambio de sus cualidades, pero en otras como un cuerpo compuesto de substancias básicas que el cual generaría el cosmos cuando éstas se separan la una de la otra. Como veremos, (...) sin embargo, sólo este segundo modelo es el que Aristóteles realmente le atribuye a Anaximandro. Al final, se propone una hipótesis respecto de quién podría ser entonces la persona, o grupo de personas, que Aristóteles tiene en mente cuando se refiere al primer modelo. (shrink)

The ἐκπύρωσις, or world's conflagration, followed by the restoration of an identical world seems to go against the rationality of the Stoic god. The aim of this paper is to show that Cleanthes, the second head of the School, can avoid this paradox. According to Cleanthes, the conflagration is an inevitable side-effect of the necessary means used by god to sustain the world. Given that this side-effect is contrary to god's sustaining activity, but unavoidable, god's rationality requires the restoration of (...) an identical world once the conflagration subsides. The paper also deals with the relation between Cleanthes and other early Stoics on the topic of conflagration. In particular, Cleanthes' position seems to differ from Chrysippus'. For in contrast with the Cleanthean god, who causes the conflagration as a side-effect only, the Chrysippean god, according to an influential interpretation put forward by Jaap Mansfeld, causes the conflagration as his ultimate cosmological goal. (shrink)

Most words in natural language are vague, that is to say, they lack sharp boundaries and, hence, they have (actual or potential) borderline cases, where the word in question neither definitely applies nor definitely fails to apply. Vagueness gives rise to paradoxes, the best known of which is the sorites (concerned with how many grains of sand are needed to make a heap). Besides offering a solution to such paradoxes, a theory of vagueness should systematically describe how the truth conditions (...) of sentences with vague terms are determined; and it should also define the right logical principles for reasoning with such sentences. This article offers an introduction to the main theories of vagueness and to the problems they have to face. (shrink)

Resumen La parrhesía constituye una práctica de "decir veraz" que Michel Foucault investiga en sus últimos seminarios del Colegio de Francia, como una de las maneras originales de constitución de uno mismo en la cultura grecolatina antigua. En este trabajo, dicha noción de parrhesía es desplegada en toda su contemporaneidad política y se afirma que constituye un complemento fundamental para la tesis agonísitica de la democracia, en especial la defendida por Chantal Mouffe. El "decir veraz" del parrhesiasta, al interpelar de (...) manera radical el statu quo de la identidad colectiva constituida en el proceso de politización propio de la democracia radical, subvierte y transforma dicha identidad en un objeto permanente de disputa. Se recupera así el sentido del polemos propio de la práctica democrática.The parrhesia is a practice of "true-telling" that Michel Foucault researches in his last courseof the College of France, as one of the most singulars ways of becoming oneself in the ancient Greco Latin culture. In this paper, such notion of parrhesia is developed in its whole political contemporaneity, and it is assumed as a key component for the agonistic thesis of democracy, especially in Chantal Mouffe's work. The "true-telling" of parrhesiast, while contesting in a radical way the status quo of the collective identity formed in the own process of politization of radical democracy, it subverts and transform this given identity in an object of constant dispute. The polemos sense characteristic of democracy is in that way recovered. (shrink)

La parrhesía constituye una práctica de “decir veraz” que Michel Foucault investiga genealógicamente en sus últimos seminarios del Colegio de Francia, como una de las maneras originales de constitución de uno mismo en la cultura grecolatina antigua. En este trabajo, dicha noción de parrhesía es desplegada en toda su contemporaneidad política, afirmándose que constituye un complemento fundamental para la tesis agonísitica de la democracia, en especial la defendida por Chantal Mouffe. El “decir veraz” del parrhesiasta, al interpelar de manera radical (...) el statu quo de la identidad colectiva constituida en el proceso de politización propio de la democracia radical, subvierte y transforma dicha identidad en un objeto permanente de disputa. Se recupera así el sentido del polemos propio de la práctica democrática. (shrink)

Dentro del tema de la revolución y la libertad se intenta explorar la pregunta acerca del sentido político de la palabra revolución y de la relación que se establece, y conviene seguir estableciendo, entre revolución y libertad. Para ello se discutirán algunos de los principales planteamientos que a..

Following Foucault’s work on disciplinary power and biopolitics, this article maps an initial cartography of the research areas to be traced by a genealogy of pharmacological practice. Pharmacology, as a practical activity, refers to the creation, production and sale of drugs/medication. This work identifies five lines of research that, although often disconnected from each other, may be observed in the specialized literature: pharmaceuticalization; regulation of the pharmaceutical industry; the political-economic structure of the pharmaceutical industry; consumption/consumerism of medications; and bio-knowledge. The (...) article suggests that a systematic analysis of these areas leads one to consider pharmacological practice a sui generis apparatus of power, which reaches beyond the purely disciplinary and biopolitical levels to encompass molecular configurations, thereby giving rise not only to new types of government over life, but also to new struggles for life, extending from molecular to population-wide levels. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es interpretar la Germania de Tácito en tanto texto etnográfico y autoetnográfico, i.e. como crítico de la sociedad romana. Se rechazan los presupuestos filosóficos de “No Place like Rome: Identity and Difference in The Germania of Tacitus” de Ellen O’Gorman (§1), se analiza la escritura etnográfica de Tácito a través de la guerra y el comercio, enfatizando las ideas de forma, belleza, materia, mores y mente (§2). Por último, se destaca el uso utópico y de (...) crítica interna que adquiere el texto de Tácito (§3). (shrink)

En este trabajo se recorre las relaciones entre la fe y la razón en la modernidad. Constatando el conflicto inicial el autor recuerda el reconocimiento que la fe y la teología han tenido siempre hacia la razón, pero también apunta a las dificultades que tenía la reflexión teológica para hacerse entender por el pensamiento ilustrado. La crisis actual del pensamiento ilustrado, que es sobre todo una crisis moral, apunta a unas nuevas relaciones entre fe y razón. Así lo apunta el (...) papa actual y algunos pensadores contemporáneos como Habermas. En una segunda parte del trabajo se presentan a la fe y a la razón como dos dimensiones de la persona humana, que se implican mutuamente, y están llamadas a cooperar en la elaboración de un nuevo humanismo. (shrink)

En este trabajo se propone, en primer lugar, un análisis informal de las principales ideas de la concepción filosófica de Carlos Alchourrón en torno a la naturaleza de los lenguajes derrotables, en especial de los lenguajes normativos. Esta concepción que, a su vez, conforma el trasfondo de sus propuestas en el ámbito de la lógica de condicionales derrotables, supone que la derrotabilidad es un rasgo que se ubica en la dimensión pragmática del lenguaje. Se discuten sus consecuencias con relación a (...) diversas cuestiones, teniendo en cuenta la tesis de Alchourrón según la cual las proposiciones y las normas son el significado de las expresiones usadas en contextos definidos. En segundo lugar, se sostiene que lo que Alchourrón denomina "concepción disposicional de la derrotabilidad", en su artículo "Sobre Derecho y Lógica" representa -al menos en lo que respecta al ámbito normativo- un cambio sustancial de su idea de la derrotabilidad. Esta modificación supone, en relación a las normas, adoptar una versión de la teoría disposicional del valor. Se sostiene que, sin embargo, la nueva propuesta no es plausible, porque no puede superar a lo que puede ser denominado "el problema del límite de las disposiciones", por un lado, ni tampoco "el problema de la indeterminación necesaria", por el otro. The purpose of this paper is, in the first place, to provide an informal analysis of the main ideas of Carlos Alchourrón' s philosophical conception about the nature of defeasible languages, and in particular about that of normative languages. This conception, which constitutes also the background for his proposals in the field of the logic of defeasible conditionals, assumes that defeasibility belongs to the pragmatic dimension of language. Its consequences in relation to several questions are discussed, taking into account Alchourrón' s thesis according to which propositions and norms are the meaning of the expressions used in defined contexts. Secondly, it is maintained that what Alchourrón denominates "dispositional conception of defeasibility" in his article "On Law and Logic" represents a substantial change of his ideas about defeasibility, at least in what concerns the normative field. As far as norms are concerned this modification entails the adoption of a version of the dispositional theory of the value. Nevertheless, it is argued that this new proposal is not plausible because it cannot solve neither what can be called the "problem of the limit of dispositions" nor the "problem of the necessary indetermination". (shrink)

Este número de Análisis Filosófico, como el anterior, presenta trabajos elaborados en homenaje a Eugenio Bulygin, la mayoría de los cuales fueron presentados en el Seminario organizado por la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico en octubre de 2012. Habida cuenta que en ese material se discuten tópicos de las más diversa índole, se ha optado por incluirlos en los dos números siguiendo el orden alfabético de sus autores.

A partir da construção histórica dos três modelos identificados no constitucionalismo latinoamericanopor Roberto Gargarella, o presente trabalho explora o núcleo diferenciador das propostas de organização e exercício do poder de matriz radical (também chamada de republicana), sobretudo por meio do pensamento de José Gervasio Artigas (Uruguai), Francisco de Paula Gonzales Vigil (Peru), Manuel Murillo Toro (Colômbia) e Francisco Bilbao (Chile). Na sequência, busca-se apontar os mecanismos inconciliáveis entre o modelo radical e aquele adotado pela Constituição brasileira vigente, com o fim (...) de evidenciar as mudanças imprescindíveis à verticalização do regime democrático no que diz respeito à organicidade constitucional. (shrink)

A partir de minha experiência como monitor de um projeto de extensão universitária da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências e Letras de Araraquara com aulas de filosofia em um abrigo residencial, buscarei delinear algumas percepções acerca desta prática - o filosofar.

O objetivo deste artigo é resgatar na obra de Michel Foucault reflexões acerca da articulação entre o saber médico moderno e o poder do Estado em instalar políticas públicas de saúde como a que vemos em todo o mundo de isolamento social como medida preventiva contra o avanço da pandemia do Covid-19 no ano de 2020, demonstrando que esta estratégia não é uma novidade dos dias de hoje e como as reflexões de Foucault acerca do surgimento da medicina moderna e (...) do Estado pode nos auxiliar a compreender esta quarentena que muitos estejam experenciando como uma estratégia biopolítica derivada desta relação saber-poder. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that the cleavage between the theory of reference and the theory of meaning, which under the influence of Quine has dominated a large part of the philosophy of language of the last fifty years, is based on a misrepresentation of Tarski's achievement and on an overestimation of the scope and value of disquotation. In particular, I show that, if we accept Davidson's critique of disquotation, the same kind of reasons that Quine offered in opposition to (...) the Carnapian theory of meaning also apply, mutatis mutandis, to the Tarskian theory of reference. (shrink)

Leading figures in ancient philosophy present nineteen original papers on three key themes in the work of Richard Sorabji. The papers dealing with Metaphysics range from Democritus to Numenius on basic questions about the structure and nature of reality: necessitation, properties, and time. The section on Soul includes one paper on the individuation of souls in Plato and five papers on Aristotle's and Aristotelian theories of cognition, with a special emphasis on perception. The section devoted to Ethics concentrates upon Stoicism (...) and the complex views the Stoics held on such topics as motivation, akrasia, oikeitsis, and the emotions. It also includes one paper on the influence of Greek ethics in Modern Philosophy. The volume also contains a fascinating "intellectual autobiography" by Sorabji himself, and a full Bibliography of his works. (shrink)

The culture of global society commonly associates the word animal with vertebrates. Paradoxically, most of animal diversity is composed of small organisms that remain invisible in the global culture and are underrepresented in philosophy, science, and education. Twenty-first century science has revealed that many invertebrates have consciousness and the capacity to feel pain. These discoveries urge animal ethicists to be more inclusive and to reevaluate the participation of invertebrates in the moral community. Science also has warned of the disappearance of (...) small animal co-inhabitants that is occurring in the midst of the sixth mass extinction. This “invisible extinction” compels environmental philosophers to make visible invertebrates, whose existence is precious in itself and for the functioning of ecosystems on which biodiversity and human societies depend. With a biocultural approach that integrates the biophysical and cultural dimensions of biodiversity, I investigate the roots of taxonomic chauvinism associated with the under-representation and subordination of invertebrates in modern philosophy and science. The bad news is the confirmation of a marked vertebratism in animal imagery. The good news is that David Hume, Charles Darwin, and biocultural ethics provide conceptual foundations for cultivating an appreciation of the small co-inhabitants with whom we share our local habitats and the global biosphere. (shrink)

Global culture, forms of governance, economic and development models have become drastically dissociated from biological and cultural diversity and their interrelationships. Global society is exposed to globally homogeneously governed life habits that tend to build globally homogeneous technological and urban habitats in the heterogeneous regions of the planet. Concurrently, these globally homogeneous habitats reinforce globally homogeneous life habits. These feedbacks between globalized habits and habitats generate processes of biocultural homogenization, which represents an overlooked dimension of global changes in the Anthropocene. (...) Biocultural homogenization is both driver and product of complex and pervasive losses of biological and cultural diversity. We maintain that it is technically necessary and ethically imperative to reverse these losses. Toward this aim, we present the “3Hs” conceptual framework of the biocultural ethic, which values the vital links among the diversity of life habits of distinct co-in-habitants that share a common habitat. We offer this philosophical framework as a heuristic model for: better understanding multidimensional and multi-scale processes involved in global changes; designing policies that integrate biocultural diversity into ethical, political, and environmental dimensions of the contemporary technological world; and orienting decision-making processes that can better assess the consequences that development policies might have for the conservation or degradation of habitats, life habits, and welfare of co-inhabitants. In this way, the 3Hs “philosophical lens” of the biocultural ethic can contribute to re-orienting global society toward sustainable forms of co-inhabitation amidst the rapidly changing socio-environmental scenarios of the Anthropocene. (shrink)